TCP/IP Notes

2 Marks Questions and Answers

MC1628 – TCP/IP Protocol Suite

1. What are called network support layers?

The physical, data link, and network layers are the network support layers.

2. What are called User support layers?

The session, presentation, and application layers are the user support layers.

3. Why we need Transport layer?

The transport layer links the network support layers and the user support layers.

4. What is the purpose of Physical layer?

The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.

5. What is the use of Data link layer?

The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without errors.

6. What is the need for Network layer?

The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links.

7. What is the purpose of seven layer?

The transport layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices. The presentation layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format. The application layer enables the users to access the network.

8. What is PPP?

The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) was designed for users who need a reliable

point-to-point connection to the Internet. PPP operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model.

9. What is LANE ?

Local Area Network Emulation (LANE) is a client/server model that allows the  use of ATM technology in LANs.

10. What are the servers included in LANE?

LANE software includes LAN emulation client (LEC), LAN emulation configura tion server (LECS), LAN emulation server (LES), and broadcast/unknown server (BUS) modules.

11. What is subnetting ?

Subnetting divides one large network into several smaller ones. Subnetting adds an intermediate level of hierarchy in IP addressing.

12. What is meant by masking ?

Masking is a process that extracts the network address from an IP address. Subnet masking is a process that extracts the subnetwork address from an IP address. A network on subnet address is obtained from applying the bit-wise AND operation on the IP address and the mask.

13. What is supernetting?

Supernetting combines several networks into one large one.

14. What is meant by connectionless protocol?

The IP protocol is a connectionless protocol. Every packet is independent and has no relationship to any other packet.

15. What is direct delivery?

The delivery of a packet is called direct if the deliverer (host or router) and the destination are on the same network.

16. What is indirect delivery ?

The delivery of a packet is called indirect if the deliverer (host or router) and the destination are on different networks

17. What is the function of routing table?

Every host or router has a routing table to route IP packets. In next hop routing instead of a complete list of the stops the packet must make only the address of the next hop is listed in the routing table. In network specific routing all hosts on a network share one entry in the routing table. In hostspecific routing the full IP address of a host is given in the routing table. In default routing, a router is assigned to receive all packets with no match in the routing table.

18. What is static and dynamic routing ?

A static routing table’s entries are updated manually by an administrator. A dynamic routing table’s entries are updated automatically by a routing protocol.

19. What are the fields included in routing table?

The routing table can consist of seven fields: a mask, a destination address, a next-hop address, flags, a reference count, a use, and an interface. The routing module applies the mask, row by row, to the received destination address until a match is found. Classless addressing requires hierarchical and geographical routing to prevent immense routing tables.

20. What is the maximum length of a datagram?

The maximum length of a datagram is 65,535 bytes.

21. What is Maximum Transfer Unit ?

The MTU is the maximum number of bytes that a data link protocol can encapsulate. MTUs vary from protocol to protocol.

22. What is Fragmentation?

Fragmentation is the division of a datagram into smaller units to accommodate the MTU of a data link protocol. The fields in the IP header that relate to fragmentation are the identification number, the fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset. The IP datagram header consists of a fixed, 20- byte section and a variable options section with a maximum of 40 bytes.

23. How the errors are detected in IP?

The error detection method used by IP is the checksum. The checksum uses one’s complement arithmetic to add equal-size sections of the IP header. The complemented result is stored in the checksum field. The receiver also uses one’s complement arithmetic to check the header.

24. What are the modules and tables in IP package?

An IP package can consist of the following: a header-adding module, a processing module, a routing module, a fragmentation module, a reassembly module, a routing table, an MTU table, and a reassembly table.

25. What is the purpose of OSI Model?

The seven-layer OSI model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible networking protocols.

26. Explain the purpose of various layers?

The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without errors. The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links. The transport layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of the entire message. The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices. The presentation layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format. The application layer enables the users to access the network.

27. Explain the three types of addresses in TCP/IP?

Three types of addresses are used by systems using the TCP/IP protocol: the physical address, the internetwork address (IP address), and the port address. The physical address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN. The IP address uniquely defines a host on the Internet. The port address identifies a process on a host.

28. What is ATM?

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is the cell relay protocol designed to support the transmission of data, voice, and video through high data rate transmission media such as fiber-optic cable.

29. Explain connecting devices?

Connecting devices can connect segments of a network together; they can also connect networks together to create an internet.

30. Explain various types of connecting devices?

There are five types of connecting devices: repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches.Repeaters regenerate a signal at the physical layer. A hub is a multiport repeater. Bridges have access to station addresses and can forward or filter a packet in a network. They operate at the physical and data link layers. Routers determine the path a packet should take. They operate at the physical,datalink, and network layers. A two-layer switch is a sophisticated bridge; a three-layer switch is a sophisticated router.

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